Data in Detail: United States
Data for Alabama
Immigrant Population
There are more than 45 million immigrants living in the United States, accounting for 14 percent of the national population. Exactly how much of the local population immigrants make up varies by state and locality, but immigrants play an important role everywhere, from West Virginia, where immigrants make up 2 percent of the population, to California where immigrants make up 27 percent of the population. All data for this analysis was derived from the 2021 American Community Survey 5-year data sample.
| State | Immigrants | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 172,500 | 3% |
| Alaska | 61,034 | 8% |
| Arizona | 928,355 | 13% |
| Arkansas | 151,582 | 5% |
| California | 10,519,127 | 27% |
| Colorado | 546,105 | 10% |
| Connecticut | 536,477 | 15% |
| Delaware | 94,660 | 10% |
| District of Columbia | 93,646 | 14% |
| Florida | 4,475,002 | 21% |
| Georgia | 1,090,227 | 10% |
| Hawaii | 266,305 | 18% |
| Idaho | 103,274 | 6% |
| Illinois | 1,809,725 | 14% |
| Indiana | 369,595 | 5% |
| Iowa | 172,387 | 5% |
| Kansas | 208,604 | 7% |
| Kentucky | 180,599 | 4% |
| Louisiana | 192,690 | 4% |
| Maine | 49,422 | 4% |
| Maryland | 942,234 | 15% |
| Massachusetts | 1,209,024 | 17% |
| Michigan | 702,397 | 7% |
| Minnesota | 482,613 | 9% |
| Mississippi | 67,327 | 2% |
| Missouri | 256,471 | 4% |
| Montana | 23,958 | 2% |
| Nebraska | 148,718 | 8% |
| Nevada | 591,575 | 19% |
| New Hampshire | 84,607 | 6% |
| New Jersey | 2,122,591 | 23% |
| New Mexico | 194,127 | 9% |
| New York | 4,537,135 | 23% |
| North Carolina | 840,585 | 8% |
| North Dakota | 34,932 | 5% |
| Ohio | 563,835 | 5% |
| Oklahoma | 234,995 | 6% |
| Oregon | 416,745 | 10% |
| Pennsylvania | 929,694 | 7% |
| Rhode Island | 156,051 | 14% |
| South Carolina | 266,006 | 5% |
| South Dakota | 32,701 | 4% |
| Tennessee | 367,974 | 5% |
| Texas | 4,943,836 | 17% |
| Utah | 270,857 | 8% |
| Vermont | 29,934 | 5% |
| Virginia | 1,076,592 | 13% |
| Washington | 1,127,961 | 15% |
| West Virginia | 28,590 | 2% |
| Wisconsin | 289,538 | 5% |
| Wyoming | 19,003 | 3% |
| United States | 45,013,922 | 14% |
| State | Immigrants | Share |
Immigrant Share of GDP
Immigrants’ share of economic output is consistently more than their share of population. Nationally, immigrants account for 14 percent of the population and 17 percent of economic output, or Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Three key factors explain this. First, immigrants are more likely to be in prime working age and are therefore also a larger share of the labor force. Second, immigrants are disproportionately likely to be business owners. And third, immigrants work in a much wider range of jobs than is often understood. As the analysis below shows, although immigrants are disproportionately likely to be in low-wage jobs, the majority work in middle- or upper-income jobs. In each state, the immigrant share of GDP is higher than immigrant share of population.
| State | Immigrant Contribution to GDP (Billions of Dollars) | Immigrant Share of GDP |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $13 | 5% |
| Alaska | $6 | 10% |
| Arizona | $69 | 16% |
| Arkansas | $11 | 7% |
| California | $1,093 | 32% |
| Colorado | $45 | 10% |
| Connecticut | $50 | 17% |
| Delaware | $12 | 14% |
| District of Columbia | $23 | 15% |
| Florida | $323 | 25% |
| Georgia | $98 | 14% |
| Hawaii | $18 | 19% |
| Idaho | $7 | 7% |
| Illinois | $160 | 17% |
| Indiana | $30 | 7% |
| Iowa | $15 | 7% |
| Kansas | $17 | 9% |
| Kentucky | $14 | 6% |
| Louisiana | $13 | 5% |
| Maine | $3 | 4% |
| Maryland | $85 | 19% |
| Massachusetts | $129 | 20% |
| Michigan | $58 | 10% |
| Minnesota | $41 | 10% |
| Mississippi | $4 | 3% |
| Missouri | $22 | 6% |
| Montana | $1 | 2% |
| Nebraska | $12 | 8% |
| Nevada | $44 | 22% |
| New Hampshire | $8 | 8% |
| New Jersey | $194 | 28% |
| New Mexico | $12 | 11% |
| New York | $497 | 26% |
| North Carolina | $73 | 11% |
| North Dakota | $3 | 5% |
| Ohio | $53 | 7% |
| Oklahoma | $17 | 8% |
| Oregon | $36 | 13% |
| Pennsylvania | $84 | 10% |
| Rhode Island | $10 | 15% |
| South Carolina | $19 | 7% |
| South Dakota | $3 | 5% |
| Tennessee | $31 | 7% |
| Texas | $417 | 20% |
| Utah | $23 | 10% |
| Vermont | $2 | 6% |
| Virginia | $104 | 17% |
| Washington | $145 | 21% |
| West Virginia | $3 | 3% |
| Wisconsin | $22 | 6% |
| Wyoming | $2 | 4% |
| United States | $4,011 | 17% |
| State | Immigrant Contribution to GDP (Billions of Dollars) | Immigrant Share of GDP |
Educational Attainment for Immigrants
More than 15 million immigrants in the United States have at least an associate’s degree. Overall, 18 percent of all immigrants in the U.S. who are older than 25 have a bachelor’s degree and 14 percent have an advanced degree. There are significant gaps in access to education among immigrants, though. In all, 22 percent of immigrants have a high school diploma or equivalent but no college while 26 percent did not finish high school. On the whole, immigrants are less likely to have finished high school than their U.S.-born counterparts, as only 8 percent of U.S.-born people older than 25 have less than a high school diploma. When immigrants have access to a college education, however, they are more likely to finish, as 22 percent of U.S.-born folks have some college experience, but no degree, compared to just 13 percent for immigrants.
Immigrant Educational Attainment
| State | Education Level | Count | Share of Immigrants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | No High School Diploma | 41,333 | 29% |
| Alabama | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 29,646 | 21% |
| Alabama | Some College | 16,981 | 12% |
| Alabama | Associate's Degree | 9,658 | 7% |
| Alabama | Bachelor's Degree | 22,722 | 16% |
| Alabama | Advanced Degree | 23,290 | 16% |
| Alaska | No High School Diploma | 7,254 | 14% |
| Alaska | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 13,794 | 26% |
| Alaska | Some College | 11,734 | 22% |
| Alaska | Associate's Degree | 4,867 | 9% |
| Alaska | Bachelor's Degree | 10,053 | 19% |
| Alaska | Advanced Degree | 4,804 | 9% |
| Arizona | No High School Diploma | 258,862 | 31% |
| Arizona | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 188,567 | 23% |
| Arizona | Some College | 127,714 | 16% |
| Arizona | Associate's Degree | 45,176 | 5% |
| Arizona | Bachelor's Degree | 112,920 | 14% |
| Arizona | Advanced Degree | 89,876 | 11% |
| Arkansas | No High School Diploma | 47,931 | 37% |
| Arkansas | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 34,129 | 27% |
| Arkansas | Some College | 12,485 | 10% |
| Arkansas | Associate's Degree | 5,159 | 4% |
| Arkansas | Bachelor's Degree | 14,770 | 12% |
| Arkansas | Advanced Degree | 13,489 | 11% |
| California | No High School Diploma | 3,005,348 | 31% |
| California | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,881,481 | 20% |
| California | Some College | 1,229,064 | 13% |
| California | Associate's Degree | 548,672 | 6% |
| California | Bachelor's Degree | 1,747,805 | 18% |
| California | Advanced Degree | 1,190,295 | 12% |
| Colorado | No High School Diploma | 131,234 | 28% |
| Colorado | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 102,666 | 22% |
| Colorado | Some College | 59,687 | 13% |
| Colorado | Associate's Degree | 28,412 | 6% |
| Colorado | Bachelor's Degree | 83,643 | 18% |
| Colorado | Advanced Degree | 66,377 | 14% |
| Connecticut | No High School Diploma | 87,857 | 19% |
| Connecticut | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 121,443 | 26% |
| Connecticut | Some College | 59,348 | 13% |
| Connecticut | Associate's Degree | 29,755 | 6% |
| Connecticut | Bachelor's Degree | 87,828 | 19% |
| Connecticut | Advanced Degree | 83,883 | 18% |
| Delaware | No High School Diploma | 18,298 | 22% |
| Delaware | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 17,494 | 21% |
| Delaware | Some College | 10,941 | 13% |
| Delaware | Associate's Degree | 4,520 | 6% |
| Delaware | Bachelor's Degree | 14,623 | 18% |
| Delaware | Advanced Degree | 16,111 | 20% |
| District of Columbia | No High School Diploma | 13,307 | 16% |
| District of Columbia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 10,579 | 13% |
| District of Columbia | Some College | 7,819 | 10% |
| District of Columbia | Associate's Degree | 2,131 | 3% |
| District of Columbia | Bachelor's Degree | 15,763 | 19% |
| District of Columbia | Advanced Degree | 32,004 | 39% |
| Florida | No High School Diploma | 761,789 | 19% |
| Florida | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,088,250 | 27% |
| Florida | Some College | 569,831 | 14% |
| Florida | Associate's Degree | 357,417 | 9% |
| Florida | Bachelor's Degree | 740,850 | 19% |
| Florida | Advanced Degree | 451,121 | 11% |
| Georgia | No High School Diploma | 226,707 | 24% |
| Georgia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 201,644 | 21% |
| Georgia | Some College | 110,116 | 12% |
| Georgia | Associate's Degree | 59,341 | 6% |
| Georgia | Bachelor's Degree | 196,281 | 21% |
| Georgia | Advanced Degree | 150,696 | 16% |
| Hawaii | No High School Diploma | 42,672 | 18% |
| Hawaii | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 62,486 | 26% |
| Hawaii | Some College | 41,153 | 17% |
| Hawaii | Associate's Degree | 24,826 | 10% |
| Hawaii | Bachelor's Degree | 46,729 | 20% |
| Hawaii | Advanced Degree | 20,362 | 9% |
| Idaho | No High School Diploma | 32,425 | 36% |
| Idaho | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 19,494 | 22% |
| Idaho | Some College | 12,418 | 14% |
| Idaho | Associate's Degree | 6,353 | 7% |
| Idaho | Bachelor's Degree | 10,258 | 11% |
| Idaho | Advanced Degree | 8,865 | 10% |
| Illinois | No High School Diploma | 393,918 | 24% |
| Illinois | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 386,224 | 24% |
| Illinois | Some College | 196,326 | 12% |
| Illinois | Associate's Degree | 93,159 | 6% |
| Illinois | Bachelor's Degree | 318,044 | 20% |
| Illinois | Advanced Degree | 241,916 | 15% |
| Indiana | No High School Diploma | 76,454 | 26% |
| Indiana | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 67,373 | 23% |
| Indiana | Some College | 31,854 | 11% |
| Indiana | Associate's Degree | 16,785 | 6% |
| Indiana | Bachelor's Degree | 52,028 | 17% |
| Indiana | Advanced Degree | 54,097 | 18% |
| Iowa | No High School Diploma | 41,159 | 30% |
| Iowa | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 31,050 | 23% |
| Iowa | Some College | 16,681 | 12% |
| Iowa | Associate's Degree | 7,660 | 6% |
| Iowa | Bachelor's Degree | 21,058 | 15% |
| Iowa | Advanced Degree | 19,297 | 14% |
| Kansas | No High School Diploma | 56,426 | 33% |
| Kansas | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 38,268 | 22% |
| Kansas | Some College | 20,654 | 12% |
| Kansas | Associate's Degree | 7,815 | 5% |
| Kansas | Bachelor's Degree | 24,953 | 14% |
| Kansas | Advanced Degree | 25,229 | 15% |
| Kentucky | No High School Diploma | 33,698 | 24% |
| Kentucky | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 33,952 | 24% |
| Kentucky | Some College | 17,230 | 12% |
| Kentucky | Associate's Degree | 7,460 | 5% |
| Kentucky | Bachelor's Degree | 26,312 | 19% |
| Kentucky | Advanced Degree | 22,777 | 16% |
| Louisiana | No High School Diploma | 42,264 | 26% |
| Louisiana | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 42,846 | 27% |
| Louisiana | Some College | 20,914 | 13% |
| Louisiana | Associate's Degree | 8,148 | 5% |
| Louisiana | Bachelor's Degree | 26,550 | 16% |
| Louisiana | Advanced Degree | 20,947 | 13% |
| Maine | No High School Diploma | 5,388 | 13% |
| Maine | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 9,806 | 24% |
| Maine | Some College | 5,942 | 15% |
| Maine | Associate's Degree | 3,627 | 9% |
| Maine | Bachelor's Degree | 8,339 | 20% |
| Maine | Advanced Degree | 7,636 | 19% |
| Maryland | No High School Diploma | 157,340 | 19% |
| Maryland | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 150,373 | 18% |
| Maryland | Some College | 99,944 | 12% |
| Maryland | Associate's Degree | 50,374 | 6% |
| Maryland | Bachelor's Degree | 177,485 | 22% |
| Maryland | Advanced Degree | 184,304 | 22% |
| Massachusetts | No High School Diploma | 205,257 | 20% |
| Massachusetts | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 235,973 | 23% |
| Massachusetts | Some College | 118,468 | 11% |
| Massachusetts | Associate's Degree | 60,444 | 6% |
| Massachusetts | Bachelor's Degree | 189,321 | 18% |
| Massachusetts | Advanced Degree | 224,423 | 22% |
| Michigan | No High School Diploma | 114,370 | 19% |
| Michigan | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 115,867 | 20% |
| Michigan | Some College | 68,164 | 12% |
| Michigan | Associate's Degree | 38,050 | 6% |
| Michigan | Bachelor's Degree | 124,492 | 21% |
| Michigan | Advanced Degree | 131,488 | 22% |
| Minnesota | No High School Diploma | 90,605 | 23% |
| Minnesota | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 79,780 | 20% |
| Minnesota | Some College | 54,719 | 14% |
| Minnesota | Associate's Degree | 30,307 | 8% |
| Minnesota | Bachelor's Degree | 77,957 | 20% |
| Minnesota | Advanced Degree | 60,532 | 15% |
| Mississippi | No High School Diploma | 16,606 | 30% |
| Mississippi | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 12,588 | 23% |
| Mississippi | Some College | 7,377 | 13% |
| Mississippi | Associate's Degree | 3,129 | 6% |
| Mississippi | Bachelor's Degree | 7,796 | 14% |
| Mississippi | Advanced Degree | 8,302 | 15% |
| Missouri | No High School Diploma | 39,206 | 19% |
| Missouri | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 43,094 | 20% |
| Missouri | Some College | 28,108 | 13% |
| Missouri | Associate's Degree | 13,240 | 6% |
| Missouri | Bachelor's Degree | 41,143 | 19% |
| Missouri | Advanced Degree | 46,262 | 22% |
| Montana | No High School Diploma | 3,007 | 15% |
| Montana | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 4,765 | 24% |
| Montana | Some College | 3,183 | 16% |
| Montana | Associate's Degree | 1,301 | 6% |
| Montana | Bachelor's Degree | 4,176 | 21% |
| Montana | Advanced Degree | 3,774 | 19% |
| Nebraska | No High School Diploma | 44,828 | 38% |
| Nebraska | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 24,380 | 21% |
| Nebraska | Some College | 13,403 | 11% |
| Nebraska | Associate's Degree | 6,828 | 6% |
| Nebraska | Bachelor's Degree | 15,400 | 13% |
| Nebraska | Advanced Degree | 13,441 | 11% |
| Nevada | No High School Diploma | 155,212 | 29% |
| Nevada | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 141,715 | 26% |
| Nevada | Some College | 87,197 | 16% |
| Nevada | Associate's Degree | 32,545 | 6% |
| Nevada | Bachelor's Degree | 84,784 | 16% |
| Nevada | Advanced Degree | 37,977 | 7% |
| New Hampshire | No High School Diploma | 11,080 | 15% |
| New Hampshire | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 15,512 | 21% |
| New Hampshire | Some College | 9,462 | 13% |
| New Hampshire | Associate's Degree | 5,296 | 7% |
| New Hampshire | Bachelor's Degree | 16,812 | 23% |
| New Hampshire | Advanced Degree | 15,244 | 21% |
| New Jersey | No High School Diploma | 330,660 | 18% |
| New Jersey | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 455,185 | 24% |
| New Jersey | Some College | 226,238 | 12% |
| New Jersey | Associate's Degree | 103,081 | 5% |
| New Jersey | Bachelor's Degree | 433,788 | 23% |
| New Jersey | Advanced Degree | 336,013 | 18% |
| New Mexico | No High School Diploma | 67,189 | 39% |
| New Mexico | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 38,061 | 22% |
| New Mexico | Some College | 20,328 | 12% |
| New Mexico | Associate's Degree | 9,601 | 6% |
| New Mexico | Bachelor's Degree | 16,736 | 10% |
| New Mexico | Advanced Degree | 19,581 | 11% |
| New York | No High School Diploma | 952,776 | 23% |
| New York | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,028,733 | 25% |
| New York | Some College | 480,116 | 12% |
| New York | Associate's Degree | 274,210 | 7% |
| New York | Bachelor's Degree | 752,105 | 18% |
| New York | Advanced Degree | 580,694 | 14% |
| North Carolina | No High School Diploma | 201,041 | 28% |
| North Carolina | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 142,934 | 20% |
| North Carolina | Some College | 80,051 | 11% |
| North Carolina | Associate's Degree | 42,130 | 6% |
| North Carolina | Bachelor's Degree | 131,123 | 18% |
| North Carolina | Advanced Degree | 117,324 | 16% |
| North Dakota | No High School Diploma | 3,914 | 15% |
| North Dakota | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 5,769 | 22% |
| North Dakota | Some College | 4,730 | 18% |
| North Dakota | Associate's Degree | 2,777 | 11% |
| North Dakota | Bachelor's Degree | 4,454 | 17% |
| North Dakota | Advanced Degree | 4,336 | 17% |
| Ohio | No High School Diploma | 78,742 | 17% |
| Ohio | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 103,006 | 22% |
| Ohio | Some College | 56,599 | 12% |
| Ohio | Associate's Degree | 28,748 | 6% |
| Ohio | Bachelor's Degree | 100,807 | 21% |
| Ohio | Advanced Degree | 105,403 | 22% |
| Oklahoma | No High School Diploma | 70,478 | 35% |
| Oklahoma | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 49,078 | 25% |
| Oklahoma | Some College | 22,426 | 11% |
| Oklahoma | Associate's Degree | 9,255 | 5% |
| Oklahoma | Bachelor's Degree | 25,024 | 13% |
| Oklahoma | Advanced Degree | 22,309 | 11% |
| Oregon | No High School Diploma | 103,971 | 29% |
| Oregon | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 70,106 | 19% |
| Oregon | Some College | 51,500 | 14% |
| Oregon | Associate's Degree | 24,294 | 7% |
| Oregon | Bachelor's Degree | 60,053 | 16% |
| Oregon | Advanced Degree | 54,590 | 15% |
| Pennsylvania | No High School Diploma | 147,291 | 19% |
| Pennsylvania | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 178,591 | 23% |
| Pennsylvania | Some College | 90,055 | 11% |
| Pennsylvania | Associate's Degree | 50,120 | 6% |
| Pennsylvania | Bachelor's Degree | 159,868 | 20% |
| Pennsylvania | Advanced Degree | 164,261 | 21% |
| Rhode Island | No High School Diploma | 36,228 | 27% |
| Rhode Island | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 39,074 | 29% |
| Rhode Island | Some College | 17,528 | 13% |
| Rhode Island | Associate's Degree | 7,291 | 5% |
| Rhode Island | Bachelor's Degree | 18,463 | 14% |
| Rhode Island | Advanced Degree | 16,287 | 12% |
| South Carolina | No High School Diploma | 51,737 | 23% |
| South Carolina | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 54,891 | 24% |
| South Carolina | Some College | 27,465 | 12% |
| South Carolina | Associate's Degree | 17,023 | 8% |
| South Carolina | Bachelor's Degree | 40,244 | 18% |
| South Carolina | Advanced Degree | 33,324 | 15% |
| South Dakota | No High School Diploma | 6,098 | 25% |
| South Dakota | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 6,330 | 26% |
| South Dakota | Some College | 3,198 | 13% |
| South Dakota | Associate's Degree | 1,495 | 6% |
| South Dakota | Bachelor's Degree | 4,149 | 17% |
| South Dakota | Advanced Degree | 2,894 | 12% |
| Tennessee | No High School Diploma | 77,731 | 26% |
| Tennessee | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 71,171 | 24% |
| Tennessee | Some College | 34,196 | 11% |
| Tennessee | Associate's Degree | 16,155 | 5% |
| Tennessee | Bachelor's Degree | 54,284 | 18% |
| Tennessee | Advanced Degree | 45,305 | 15% |
| Texas | No High School Diploma | 1,551,923 | 36% |
| Texas | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 888,251 | 21% |
| Texas | Some College | 467,499 | 11% |
| Texas | Associate's Degree | 206,716 | 5% |
| Texas | Bachelor's Degree | 676,219 | 16% |
| Texas | Advanced Degree | 504,890 | 12% |
| Utah | No High School Diploma | 53,870 | 24% |
| Utah | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 60,446 | 27% |
| Utah | Some College | 36,549 | 16% |
| Utah | Associate's Degree | 14,802 | 7% |
| Utah | Bachelor's Degree | 38,222 | 17% |
| Utah | Advanced Degree | 22,935 | 10% |
| Vermont | No High School Diploma | 2,853 | 12% |
| Vermont | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 3,983 | 17% |
| Vermont | Some College | 2,991 | 12% |
| Vermont | Associate's Degree | 1,746 | 7% |
| Vermont | Bachelor's Degree | 6,290 | 26% |
| Vermont | Advanced Degree | 6,083 | 25% |
| Virginia | No High School Diploma | 163,704 | 18% |
| Virginia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 174,331 | 19% |
| Virginia | Some College | 116,301 | 13% |
| Virginia | Associate's Degree | 62,516 | 7% |
| Virginia | Bachelor's Degree | 215,139 | 23% |
| Virginia | Advanced Degree | 197,278 | 21% |
| Washington | No High School Diploma | 205,919 | 21% |
| Washington | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 184,565 | 19% |
| Washington | Some College | 131,623 | 13% |
| Washington | Associate's Degree | 75,144 | 8% |
| Washington | Bachelor's Degree | 202,734 | 21% |
| Washington | Advanced Degree | 181,460 | 18% |
| West Virginia | No High School Diploma | 2,668 | 11% |
| West Virginia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 5,013 | 21% |
| West Virginia | Some College | 3,450 | 15% |
| West Virginia | Associate's Degree | 1,866 | 8% |
| West Virginia | Bachelor's Degree | 4,307 | 18% |
| West Virginia | Advanced Degree | 6,457 | 27% |
| Wisconsin | No High School Diploma | 60,547 | 25% |
| Wisconsin | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 55,712 | 23% |
| Wisconsin | Some College | 30,518 | 13% |
| Wisconsin | Associate's Degree | 15,507 | 6% |
| Wisconsin | Bachelor's Degree | 41,911 | 17% |
| Wisconsin | Advanced Degree | 39,387 | 16% |
| Wyoming | No High School Diploma | 4,023 | 25% |
| Wyoming | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 4,684 | 29% |
| Wyoming | Some College | 1,736 | 11% |
| Wyoming | Associate's Degree | 884 | 5% |
| Wyoming | Bachelor's Degree | 2,625 | 16% |
| Wyoming | Advanced Degree | 2,164 | 13% |
| United States | No High School Diploma | 10,335,198 | 26% |
| United States | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 8,825,153 | 22% |
| United States | Some College | 4,974,014 | 13% |
| United States | Associate's Degree | 2,477,816 | 6% |
| United States | Bachelor's Degree | 7,309,440 | 18% |
| United States | Advanced Degree | 5,731,794 | 14% |
| State | Education Level | Count | Share of Immigrants |
U.S.-Born Educational Attainment
| State | Education Level | Count | Share of U.S.-Born |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | No High School Diploma | 399,488 | 12% |
| Alabama | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,016,530 | 31% |
| Alabama | Some College | 708,438 | 22% |
| Alabama | Associate's Degree | 291,049 | 9% |
| Alabama | Bachelor's Degree | 536,142 | 16% |
| Alabama | Advanced Degree | 320,159 | 10% |
| Alaska | No High School Diploma | 25,211 | 6% |
| Alaska | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 122,863 | 28% |
| Alaska | Some College | 113,570 | 26% |
| Alaska | Associate's Degree | 37,028 | 9% |
| Alaska | Bachelor's Degree | 84,008 | 19% |
| Alaska | Advanced Degree | 49,279 | 11% |
| Arizona | No High School Diploma | 304,273 | 8% |
| Arizona | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 946,034 | 24% |
| Arizona | Some College | 1,051,181 | 26% |
| Arizona | Associate's Degree | 388,264 | 10% |
| Arizona | Bachelor's Degree | 805,801 | 20% |
| Arizona | Advanced Degree | 474,496 | 12% |
| Arkansas | No High School Diploma | 203,843 | 11% |
| Arkansas | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 661,394 | 35% |
| Arkansas | Some College | 424,331 | 22% |
| Arkansas | Associate's Degree | 148,385 | 8% |
| Arkansas | Bachelor's Degree | 292,746 | 15% |
| Arkansas | Advanced Degree | 162,758 | 9% |
| California | No High School Diploma | 1,238,757 | 7% |
| California | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 3,635,244 | 21% |
| California | Some College | 4,260,433 | 25% |
| California | Associate's Degree | 1,573,520 | 9% |
| California | Bachelor's Degree | 4,104,187 | 24% |
| California | Advanced Degree | 2,386,300 | 14% |
| Colorado | No High School Diploma | 169,724 | 5% |
| Colorado | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 712,373 | 21% |
| Colorado | Some College | 742,999 | 21% |
| Colorado | Associate's Degree | 301,963 | 9% |
| Colorado | Bachelor's Degree | 968,247 | 28% |
| Colorado | Advanced Degree | 570,732 | 16% |
| Connecticut | No High School Diploma | 137,584 | 7% |
| Connecticut | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 543,708 | 27% |
| Connecticut | Some College | 356,384 | 17% |
| Connecticut | Associate's Degree | 164,283 | 8% |
| Connecticut | Bachelor's Degree | 474,625 | 23% |
| Connecticut | Advanced Degree | 369,870 | 18% |
| Delaware | No High School Diploma | 44,911 | 7% |
| Delaware | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 192,548 | 32% |
| Delaware | Some College | 119,935 | 20% |
| Delaware | Associate's Degree | 52,063 | 9% |
| Delaware | Bachelor's Degree | 118,381 | 19% |
| Delaware | Advanced Degree | 80,847 | 13% |
| District of Columbia | No High School Diploma | 24,171 | 6% |
| District of Columbia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 65,015 | 16% |
| District of Columbia | Some College | 52,398 | 13% |
| District of Columbia | Associate's Degree | 12,160 | 3% |
| District of Columbia | Bachelor's Degree | 108,514 | 27% |
| District of Columbia | Advanced Degree | 143,985 | 35% |
| Florida | No High School Diploma | 914,289 | 8% |
| Florida | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 3,237,574 | 28% |
| Florida | Some College | 2,418,515 | 21% |
| Florida | Associate's Degree | 1,186,835 | 10% |
| Florida | Bachelor's Degree | 2,284,640 | 20% |
| Florida | Advanced Degree | 1,339,428 | 12% |
| Georgia | No High School Diploma | 610,406 | 10% |
| Georgia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,737,485 | 28% |
| Georgia | Some College | 1,285,509 | 21% |
| Georgia | Associate's Degree | 518,240 | 8% |
| Georgia | Bachelor's Degree | 1,226,249 | 20% |
| Georgia | Advanced Degree | 752,585 | 12% |
| Hawaii | No High School Diploma | 34,565 | 4% |
| Hawaii | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 212,735 | 27% |
| Hawaii | Some College | 166,576 | 21% |
| Hawaii | Associate's Degree | 87,075 | 11% |
| Hawaii | Bachelor's Degree | 178,738 | 23% |
| Hawaii | Advanced Degree | 102,896 | 13% |
| Idaho | No High School Diploma | 71,016 | 6% |
| Idaho | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 297,521 | 27% |
| Idaho | Some College | 290,131 | 26% |
| Idaho | Associate's Degree | 111,731 | 10% |
| Idaho | Bachelor's Degree | 220,662 | 20% |
| Idaho | Advanced Degree | 104,482 | 10% |
| Illinois | No High School Diploma | 488,229 | 7% |
| Illinois | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,856,248 | 26% |
| Illinois | Some College | 1,557,690 | 22% |
| Illinois | Associate's Degree | 623,966 | 9% |
| Illinois | Bachelor's Degree | 1,595,736 | 22% |
| Illinois | Advanced Degree | 1,013,744 | 14% |
| Indiana | No High School Diploma | 386,375 | 9% |
| Indiana | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,429,578 | 34% |
| Indiana | Some College | 859,367 | 20% |
| Indiana | Associate's Degree | 388,204 | 9% |
| Indiana | Bachelor's Degree | 738,797 | 18% |
| Indiana | Advanced Degree | 400,364 | 10% |
| Iowa | No High School Diploma | 112,034 | 6% |
| Iowa | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 618,614 | 31% |
| Iowa | Some College | 416,698 | 21% |
| Iowa | Associate's Degree | 249,698 | 13% |
| Iowa | Bachelor's Degree | 401,556 | 20% |
| Iowa | Advanced Degree | 184,329 | 9% |
| Kansas | No High School Diploma | 104,565 | 6% |
| Kansas | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 464,382 | 27% |
| Kansas | Some College | 411,821 | 24% |
| Kansas | Associate's Degree | 160,959 | 9% |
| Kansas | Bachelor's Degree | 388,827 | 22% |
| Kansas | Advanced Degree | 217,291 | 12% |
| Kentucky | No High School Diploma | 342,665 | 12% |
| Kentucky | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 972,254 | 33% |
| Kentucky | Some College | 608,437 | 21% |
| Kentucky | Associate's Degree | 254,795 | 9% |
| Kentucky | Bachelor's Degree | 439,539 | 15% |
| Kentucky | Advanced Degree | 293,865 | 10% |
| Louisiana | No High School Diploma | 390,143 | 13% |
| Louisiana | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,003,542 | 34% |
| Louisiana | Some College | 632,393 | 21% |
| Louisiana | Associate's Degree | 201,418 | 7% |
| Louisiana | Bachelor's Degree | 480,634 | 16% |
| Louisiana | Advanced Degree | 264,641 | 9% |
| Maine | No High School Diploma | 58,554 | 6% |
| Maine | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 300,449 | 31% |
| Maine | Some College | 182,374 | 19% |
| Maine | Associate's Degree | 98,695 | 10% |
| Maine | Bachelor's Degree | 199,020 | 21% |
| Maine | Advanced Degree | 115,227 | 12% |
| Maryland | No High School Diploma | 235,191 | 7% |
| Maryland | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 869,343 | 25% |
| Maryland | Some College | 678,216 | 20% |
| Maryland | Associate's Degree | 235,981 | 7% |
| Maryland | Bachelor's Degree | 760,417 | 22% |
| Maryland | Advanced Degree | 643,127 | 19% |
| Massachusetts | No High School Diploma | 228,269 | 6% |
| Massachusetts | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 909,074 | 23% |
| Massachusetts | Some College | 614,515 | 16% |
| Massachusetts | Associate's Degree | 318,260 | 8% |
| Massachusetts | Bachelor's Degree | 1,022,808 | 26% |
| Massachusetts | Advanced Degree | 777,488 | 20% |
| Michigan | No High School Diploma | 475,704 | 8% |
| Michigan | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,867,516 | 29% |
| Michigan | Some College | 1,503,666 | 24% |
| Michigan | Associate's Degree | 633,544 | 10% |
| Michigan | Bachelor's Degree | 1,155,812 | 18% |
| Michigan | Advanced Degree | 697,431 | 11% |
| Minnesota | No High School Diploma | 154,726 | 4% |
| Minnesota | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 844,981 | 24% |
| Minnesota | Some College | 736,423 | 21% |
| Minnesota | Associate's Degree | 414,056 | 12% |
| Minnesota | Bachelor's Degree | 868,458 | 25% |
| Minnesota | Advanced Degree | 436,530 | 13% |
| Mississippi | No High School Diploma | 266,708 | 14% |
| Mississippi | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 580,052 | 30% |
| Mississippi | Some College | 429,339 | 22% |
| Mississippi | Associate's Degree | 202,157 | 11% |
| Mississippi | Bachelor's Degree | 271,539 | 14% |
| Mississippi | Advanced Degree | 167,922 | 9% |
| Missouri | No High School Diploma | 340,319 | 9% |
| Missouri | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,239,111 | 31% |
| Missouri | Some College | 879,890 | 22% |
| Missouri | Associate's Degree | 328,783 | 8% |
| Missouri | Bachelor's Degree | 742,454 | 19% |
| Missouri | Advanced Degree | 446,241 | 11% |
| Montana | No High School Diploma | 41,032 | 6% |
| Montana | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 204,472 | 28% |
| Montana | Some College | 172,337 | 24% |
| Montana | Associate's Degree | 69,866 | 10% |
| Montana | Bachelor's Degree | 158,531 | 22% |
| Montana | Advanced Degree | 79,094 | 11% |
| Nebraska | No High School Diploma | 61,501 | 5% |
| Nebraska | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 298,250 | 26% |
| Nebraska | Some College | 275,141 | 24% |
| Nebraska | Associate's Degree | 127,508 | 11% |
| Nebraska | Bachelor's Degree | 261,119 | 23% |
| Nebraska | Advanced Degree | 132,750 | 11% |
| Nevada | No High School Diploma | 119,565 | 8% |
| Nevada | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 447,335 | 28% |
| Nevada | Some College | 430,257 | 27% |
| Nevada | Associate's Degree | 147,848 | 9% |
| Nevada | Bachelor's Degree | 278,836 | 18% |
| Nevada | Advanced Degree | 152,659 | 10% |
| New Hampshire | No High School Diploma | 51,107 | 6% |
| New Hampshire | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 253,774 | 28% |
| New Hampshire | Some College | 165,058 | 18% |
| New Hampshire | Associate's Degree | 95,407 | 10% |
| New Hampshire | Bachelor's Degree | 216,197 | 24% |
| New Hampshire | Advanced Degree | 131,184 | 14% |
| New Jersey | No High School Diploma | 274,782 | 6% |
| New Jersey | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,242,894 | 27% |
| New Jersey | Some College | 792,906 | 18% |
| New Jersey | Associate's Degree | 326,506 | 7% |
| New Jersey | Bachelor's Degree | 1,172,257 | 26% |
| New Jersey | Advanced Degree | 718,585 | 16% |
| New Mexico | No High School Diploma | 124,114 | 10% |
| New Mexico | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 337,983 | 27% |
| New Mexico | Some College | 308,275 | 25% |
| New Mexico | Associate's Degree | 114,202 | 9% |
| New Mexico | Bachelor's Degree | 209,480 | 17% |
| New Mexico | Advanced Degree | 162,685 | 13% |
| New York | No High School Diploma | 814,965 | 8% |
| New York | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 2,529,656 | 25% |
| New York | Some College | 1,666,239 | 17% |
| New York | Associate's Degree | 965,695 | 10% |
| New York | Bachelor's Degree | 2,247,612 | 22% |
| New York | Advanced Degree | 1,788,969 | 18% |
| North Carolina | No High School Diploma | 577,475 | 9% |
| North Carolina | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,658,403 | 26% |
| North Carolina | Some College | 1,390,801 | 22% |
| North Carolina | Associate's Degree | 662,328 | 10% |
| North Carolina | Bachelor's Degree | 1,344,794 | 21% |
| North Carolina | Advanced Degree | 738,269 | 12% |
| North Dakota | No High School Diploma | 29,207 | 6% |
| North Dakota | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 125,939 | 26% |
| North Dakota | Some College | 107,634 | 23% |
| North Dakota | Associate's Degree | 69,861 | 15% |
| North Dakota | Bachelor's Degree | 105,604 | 22% |
| North Dakota | Advanced Degree | 39,019 | 8% |
| Ohio | No High School Diploma | 642,105 | 8% |
| Ohio | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 2,551,024 | 34% |
| Ohio | Some College | 1,555,653 | 20% |
| Ohio | Associate's Degree | 677,545 | 9% |
| Ohio | Bachelor's Degree | 1,374,922 | 18% |
| Ohio | Advanced Degree | 802,235 | 11% |
| Oklahoma | No High School Diploma | 224,626 | 9% |
| Oklahoma | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 765,348 | 32% |
| Oklahoma | Some College | 573,525 | 24% |
| Oklahoma | Associate's Degree | 197,898 | 8% |
| Oklahoma | Bachelor's Degree | 428,640 | 18% |
| Oklahoma | Advanced Degree | 221,178 | 9% |
| Oregon | No High School Diploma | 156,585 | 6% |
| Oregon | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 603,002 | 23% |
| Oregon | Some College | 680,839 | 26% |
| Oregon | Associate's Degree | 244,222 | 9% |
| Oregon | Bachelor's Degree | 581,863 | 22% |
| Oregon | Advanced Degree | 341,071 | 13% |
| Pennsylvania | No High School Diploma | 634,909 | 8% |
| Pennsylvania | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 2,922,772 | 35% |
| Pennsylvania | Some College | 1,339,573 | 16% |
| Pennsylvania | Associate's Degree | 740,581 | 9% |
| Pennsylvania | Bachelor's Degree | 1,645,065 | 20% |
| Pennsylvania | Advanced Degree | 1,039,035 | 12% |
| Rhode Island | No High School Diploma | 48,221 | 8% |
| Rhode Island | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 175,968 | 28% |
| Rhode Island | Some College | 118,111 | 19% |
| Rhode Island | Associate's Degree | 55,160 | 9% |
| Rhode Island | Bachelor's Degree | 141,038 | 22% |
| Rhode Island | Advanced Degree | 92,955 | 15% |
| South Carolina | No High School Diploma | 345,485 | 11% |
| South Carolina | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 960,342 | 29% |
| South Carolina | Some College | 680,185 | 21% |
| South Carolina | Associate's Degree | 333,368 | 10% |
| South Carolina | Bachelor's Degree | 603,477 | 18% |
| South Carolina | Advanced Degree | 359,691 | 11% |
| South Dakota | No High School Diploma | 35,652 | 6% |
| South Dakota | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 168,915 | 30% |
| South Dakota | Some College | 118,975 | 21% |
| South Dakota | Associate's Degree | 68,337 | 12% |
| South Dakota | Bachelor's Degree | 114,491 | 21% |
| South Dakota | Advanced Degree | 49,964 | 9% |
| Tennessee | No High School Diploma | 453,186 | 10% |
| Tennessee | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,427,079 | 32% |
| Tennessee | Some College | 932,884 | 21% |
| Tennessee | Associate's Degree | 338,068 | 8% |
| Tennessee | Bachelor's Degree | 803,080 | 18% |
| Tennessee | Advanced Degree | 454,332 | 10% |
| Texas | No High School Diploma | 1,308,053 | 9% |
| Texas | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 3,702,919 | 26% |
| Texas | Some College | 3,462,799 | 24% |
| Texas | Associate's Degree | 1,182,396 | 8% |
| Texas | Bachelor's Degree | 3,105,041 | 22% |
| Texas | Advanced Degree | 1,568,564 | 11% |
| Utah | No High School Diploma | 77,995 | 5% |
| Utah | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 377,968 | 22% |
| Utah | Some College | 446,781 | 26% |
| Utah | Associate's Degree | 175,593 | 10% |
| Utah | Bachelor's Degree | 411,767 | 24% |
| Utah | Advanced Degree | 205,573 | 12% |
| Vermont | No High School Diploma | 25,795 | 6% |
| Vermont | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 125,792 | 29% |
| Vermont | Some College | 71,943 | 17% |
| Vermont | Associate's Degree | 37,539 | 9% |
| Vermont | Bachelor's Degree | 103,415 | 24% |
| Vermont | Advanced Degree | 66,704 | 15% |
| Virginia | No High School Diploma | 376,765 | 8% |
| Virginia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,232,227 | 25% |
| Virginia | Some College | 984,912 | 20% |
| Virginia | Associate's Degree | 401,666 | 8% |
| Virginia | Bachelor's Degree | 1,121,312 | 23% |
| Virginia | Advanced Degree | 837,038 | 17% |
| Washington | No High School Diploma | 225,353 | 5% |
| Washington | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 974,110 | 23% |
| Washington | Some College | 1,061,195 | 25% |
| Washington | Associate's Degree | 457,615 | 11% |
| Washington | Bachelor's Degree | 1,011,854 | 24% |
| Washington | Advanced Degree | 567,997 | 13% |
| West Virginia | No High School Diploma | 150,108 | 12% |
| West Virginia | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 505,810 | 40% |
| West Virginia | Some College | 233,941 | 19% |
| West Virginia | Associate's Degree | 95,980 | 8% |
| West Virginia | Bachelor's Degree | 161,229 | 13% |
| West Virginia | Advanced Degree | 107,179 | 9% |
| Wisconsin | No High School Diploma | 222,223 | 6% |
| Wisconsin | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 1,164,055 | 31% |
| Wisconsin | Some College | 786,773 | 21% |
| Wisconsin | Associate's Degree | 434,826 | 11% |
| Wisconsin | Bachelor's Degree | 794,745 | 21% |
| Wisconsin | Advanced Degree | 383,180 | 10% |
| Wyoming | No High School Diploma | 20,555 | 5% |
| Wyoming | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 106,200 | 28% |
| Wyoming | Some College | 97,463 | 26% |
| Wyoming | Associate's Degree | 43,526 | 12% |
| Wyoming | Bachelor's Degree | 67,250 | 18% |
| Wyoming | Advanced Degree | 38,951 | 10% |
| United States | No High School Diploma | 14,803,084 | 8% |
| United States | High School Diploma or Equivalent | 51,198,405 | 28% |
| United States | Some College | 39,955,429 | 22% |
| United States | Associate's Degree | 17,046,653 | 9% |
| United States | Bachelor's Degree | 38,932,156 | 21% |
| United States | Advanced Degree | 23,594,878 | 13% |
| State | Education Level | Count | Share of U.S.-Born |
Where Immigrants Come From
Immigrants arrive in the United States from all over the world. There are many factors that impact why people move to the U.S., including geographical proximity, historical associations related to U.S. colonization or foreign policy, and corporate recruiting hotspots. In the United States as a whole, the most common birthplace for immigrants in the United States is Mexico, followed by India, China, Philippines, and El Salvador. Where immigrants come from varies significantly from state to state.
| State | Birthplace | Count | Share of immigrants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Mexico | 47,376 | 27% |
| Alabama | Guatemala | 14,765 | 9% |
| Alabama | Korea | 9,877 | 6% |
| Alabama | India | 9,582 | 6% |
| Alabama | China | 7,551 | 4% |
| Alaska | Philippines | 20,618 | 34% |
| Alaska | Thailand | 3,480 | 6% |
| Alaska | Mexico | 3,321 | 5% |
| Alaska | Korea | 3,320 | 5% |
| Alaska | Canada | 2,783 | 5% |
| Arizona | Mexico | 498,978 | 54% |
| Arizona | India | 42,199 | 5% |
| Arizona | Canada | 40,798 | 4% |
| Arizona | Philippines | 30,355 | 3% |
| Arizona | China | 21,353 | 2% |
| Arizona | Vietnam | 18,816 | 2% |
| Arizona | Guatemala | 14,722 | 2% |
| Arkansas | Mexico | 62,153 | 41% |
| Arkansas | El Salvador | 16,156 | 11% |
| Arkansas | India | 9,838 | 6% |
| Arkansas | Marshall Islands | 6,427 | 4% |
| Arkansas | Guatemala | 4,217 | 3% |
| California | Mexico | 3,959,545 | 38% |
| California | Philippines | 828,655 | 8% |
| California | China | 680,942 | 6% |
| California | India | 528,670 | 5% |
| California | Vietnam | 515,617 | 5% |
| Colorado | Mexico | 210,883 | 39% |
| Colorado | India | 21,272 | 4% |
| Colorado | China | 18,229 | 3% |
| Colorado | Vietnam | 18,156 | 3% |
| Colorado | Korea | 15,017 | 3% |
| Connecticut | Jamaica | 42,506 | 8% |
| Connecticut | India | 41,570 | 8% |
| Connecticut | Dominican Republic | 26,547 | 5% |
| Connecticut | Mexico | 26,121 | 5% |
| Connecticut | Poland | 22,979 | 4% |
| Delaware | Mexico | 14,392 | 15% |
| Delaware | India | 10,661 | 11% |
| Delaware | China | 6,095 | 6% |
| Delaware | Guatemala | 5,329 | 6% |
| Delaware | Haiti | 4,264 | 5% |
| District of Columbia | El Salvador | 11,809 | 13% |
| District of Columbia | Ethiopia | 5,297 | 6% |
| District of Columbia | China | 3,781 | 4% |
| District of Columbia | Mexico | 3,235 | 3% |
| District of Columbia | India | 2,972 | 3% |
| Florida | Cuba | 993,450 | 22% |
| Florida | Haiti | 340,538 | 8% |
| Florida | Colombia | 292,600 | 7% |
| Florida | Mexico | 262,436 | 6% |
| Florida | Venezuela | 230,601 | 5% |
| Georgia | Mexico | 226,399 | 21% |
| Georgia | India | 100,869 | 9% |
| Georgia | Jamaica | 46,494 | 4% |
| Georgia | Vietnam | 44,254 | 4% |
| Georgia | Korea | 41,852 | 4% |
| Hawaii | Philippines | 116,814 | 44% |
| Hawaii | Japan | 23,136 | 9% |
| Hawaii | China | 20,905 | 8% |
| Hawaii | Korea | 16,140 | 6% |
| Hawaii | Micronesia | 10,607 | 4% |
| Idaho | Mexico | 52,075 | 50% |
| Idaho | Canada | 5,748 | 6% |
| Idaho | Philippines | 2,859 | 3% |
| Idaho | Germany | 2,484 | 2% |
| Idaho | China | 2,432 | 2% |
| Illinois | Mexico | 630,004 | 35% |
| Illinois | India | 162,094 | 9% |
| Illinois | Poland | 126,931 | 7% |
| Illinois | Philippines | 92,705 | 5% |
| Illinois | China | 72,806 | 4% |
| Indiana | Mexico | 100,393 | 27% |
| Indiana | India | 33,054 | 9% |
| Indiana | China | 20,560 | 6% |
| Indiana | Burma (Myanmar) | 14,620 | 4% |
| Indiana | Philippines | 13,033 | 4% |
| Iowa | Mexico | 41,634 | 24% |
| Iowa | India | 10,950 | 6% |
| Iowa | Vietnam | 8,674 | 5% |
| Iowa | China | 8,625 | 5% |
| Iowa | Bosnia | 5,764 | 3% |
| Kansas | Mexico | 81,246 | 39% |
| Kansas | India | 14,367 | 7% |
| Kansas | Vietnam | 10,893 | 5% |
| Kansas | China | 8,741 | 4% |
| Kansas | Guatemala | 8,198 | 4% |
| Kentucky | Mexico | 29,505 | 16% |
| Kentucky | Cuba | 14,201 | 8% |
| Kentucky | India | 12,469 | 7% |
| Kentucky | China | 7,714 | 4% |
| Kentucky | Guatemala | 6,692 | 4% |
| Louisiana | Honduras | 34,582 | 18% |
| Louisiana | Mexico | 24,245 | 13% |
| Louisiana | Vietnam | 18,108 | 9% |
| Louisiana | India | 7,197 | 4% |
| Louisiana | Cuba | 7,076 | 4% |
| Maine | Canada | 9,400 | 19% |
| Maine | Germany | 2,803 | 6% |
| Maine | China | 2,753 | 6% |
| Maine | Somalia | 1,915 | 4% |
| Maine | Philippines | 1,901 | 4% |
| Maryland | El Salvador | 110,106 | 12% |
| Maryland | India | 60,915 | 6% |
| Maryland | China | 44,188 | 5% |
| Maryland | Nigeria | 41,947 | 4% |
| Maryland | Guatemala | 41,049 | 4% |
| Massachusetts | China | 102,889 | 9% |
| Massachusetts | Dominican Republic | 98,796 | 8% |
| Massachusetts | Brazil | 87,929 | 7% |
| Massachusetts | India | 81,607 | 7% |
| Massachusetts | Haiti | 61,347 | 5% |
| Michigan | Mexico | 79,412 | 11% |
| Michigan | India | 76,245 | 11% |
| Michigan | Iraq | 59,562 | 8% |
| Michigan | Canada | 36,018 | 5% |
| Michigan | China | 34,547 | 5% |
| Minnesota | Mexico | 55,478 | 11% |
| Minnesota | Somalia | 39,298 | 8% |
| Minnesota | India | 30,033 | 6% |
| Minnesota | Ethiopia | 27,851 | 6% |
| Minnesota | Laos | 24,942 | 5% |
| Mississippi | Mexico | 17,687 | 26% |
| Mississippi | India | 5,172 | 8% |
| Mississippi | Vietnam | 4,317 | 6% |
| Mississippi | Guatemala | 3,885 | 6% |
| Mississippi | Philippines | 3,342 | 5% |
| Missouri | Mexico | 38,663 | 15% |
| Missouri | India | 21,758 | 8% |
| Missouri | China | 18,328 | 7% |
| Missouri | Vietnam | 11,838 | 5% |
| Missouri | Philippines | 10,484 | 4% |
| Montana | Canada | 3,423 | 14% |
| Montana | Mexico | 3,107 | 13% |
| Montana | Germany | 1,917 | 8% |
| Montana | Philippines | 1,756 | 7% |
| Montana | Ukraine | 931 | 4% |
| Nebraska | Mexico | 49,893 | 34% |
| Nebraska | Guatemala | 9,174 | 6% |
| Nebraska | India | 6,256 | 4% |
| Nebraska | Vietnam | 5,565 | 4% |
| Nebraska | El Salvador | 5,222 | 4% |
| Nevada | Mexico | 221,991 | 38% |
| Nevada | Philippines | 91,215 | 15% |
| Nevada | El Salvador | 24,288 | 4% |
| Nevada | Cuba | 21,760 | 4% |
| Nevada | China | 18,652 | 3% |
| New Hampshire | Canada | 8,888 | 11% |
| New Hampshire | India | 7,653 | 9% |
| New Hampshire | Dominican Republic | 5,122 | 6% |
| New Hampshire | China | 3,925 | 5% |
| New Hampshire | Germany | 3,027 | 4% |
| New Jersey | India | 274,332 | 13% |
| New Jersey | Dominican Republic | 200,128 | 9% |
| New Jersey | Mexico | 106,059 | 5% |
| New Jersey | Colombia | 91,716 | 4% |
| New Jersey | Ecuador | 90,067 | 4% |
| New Mexico | Mexico | 129,550 | 67% |
| New Mexico | Philippines | 5,729 | 3% |
| New Mexico | Germany | 4,401 | 2% |
| New Mexico | Vietnam | 3,755 | 2% |
| New Mexico | China | 3,677 | 2% |
| New York | Dominican Republic | 512,419 | 11% |
| New York | China | 414,157 | 9% |
| New York | Jamaica | 233,946 | 5% |
| New York | Mexico | 210,914 | 5% |
| New York | Ecuador | 178,175 | 4% |
| New York | Guyana/British Guiana | 168,637 | 4% |
| New York | India | 159,470 | 4% |
| New York | Haiti | 129,652 | 3% |
| New York | Bangladesh | 113,915 | 3% |
| New York | El Salvador | 110,424 | 2% |
| New York | Colombia | 109,045 | 2% |
| North Carolina | Mexico | 219,250 | 26% |
| North Carolina | India | 77,157 | 9% |
| North Carolina | Honduras | 37,868 | 5% |
| North Carolina | El Salvador | 32,381 | 4% |
| North Carolina | China | 28,502 | 3% |
| North Dakota | Canada | 2,882 | 8% |
| North Dakota | Mexico | 2,860 | 8% |
| North Dakota | Liberia | 2,541 | 7% |
| North Dakota | Philippines | 2,447 | 7% |
| North Dakota | Somalia | 1,751 | 5% |
| Ohio | India | 66,680 | 12% |
| Ohio | Mexico | 44,514 | 8% |
| Ohio | China | 34,822 | 6% |
| Ohio | Philippines | 17,222 | 3% |
| Ohio | Canada | 14,815 | 3% |
| Oklahoma | Mexico | 100,637 | 43% |
| Oklahoma | Vietnam | 11,889 | 5% |
| Oklahoma | India | 11,630 | 5% |
| Oklahoma | Guatemala | 8,305 | 4% |
| Oklahoma | China | 7,319 | 3% |
| Oregon | Mexico | 142,354 | 34% |
| Oregon | Vietnam | 23,437 | 6% |
| Oregon | China | 22,282 | 5% |
| Oregon | India | 18,676 | 4% |
| Oregon | Canada | 14,876 | 4% |
| Pennsylvania | India | 98,153 | 11% |
| Pennsylvania | Dominican Republic | 81,192 | 9% |
| Pennsylvania | China | 66,978 | 7% |
| Pennsylvania | Mexico | 52,087 | 6% |
| Pennsylvania | Vietnam | 30,929 | 3% |
| Rhode Island | Dominican Republic | 31,669 | 20% |
| Rhode Island | Guatemala | 16,911 | 11% |
| Rhode Island | Portugal | 12,920 | 8% |
| Rhode Island | Cape Verde | 7,633 | 5% |
| Rhode Island | India | 7,067 | 5% |
| South Carolina | Mexico | 59,828 | 22% |
| South Carolina | India | 16,728 | 6% |
| South Carolina | Honduras | 13,020 | 5% |
| South Carolina | Colombia | 11,974 | 5% |
| South Carolina | Philippines | 11,040 | 4% |
| South Dakota | Mexico | 3,140 | 10% |
| South Dakota | Ethiopia | 2,462 | 8% |
| South Dakota | Guatemala | 2,377 | 7% |
| South Dakota | India | 1,711 | 5% |
| South Dakota | Philippines | 1,538 | 5% |
| Tennessee | Mexico | 86,142 | 23% |
| Tennessee | India | 24,764 | 7% |
| Tennessee | Guatemala | 18,995 | 5% |
| Tennessee | Honduras | 15,236 | 4% |
| Tennessee | China | 14,035 | 4% |
| Texas | Mexico | 2,459,913 | 50% |
| Texas | India | 290,669 | 6% |
| Texas | El Salvador | 220,934 | 4% |
| Texas | Vietnam | 181,890 | 4% |
| Texas | Honduras | 138,290 | 3% |
| Texas | China | 110,361 | 2% |
| Texas | Philippines | 103,413 | 2% |
| Utah | Mexico | 98,293 | 36% |
| Utah | India | 9,174 | 3% |
| Utah | Venezuela | 8,108 | 3% |
| Utah | Brazil | 7,879 | 3% |
| Utah | Canada | 7,734 | 3% |
| Vermont | Canada | 5,460 | 18% |
| Vermont | China | 1,732 | 6% |
| Vermont | Bosnia | 1,391 | 5% |
| Vermont | Bhutan | 1,282 | 4% |
| Vermont | India | 1,066 | 4% |
| Virginia | El Salvador | 109,039 | 10% |
| Virginia | India | 96,011 | 9% |
| Virginia | Mexico | 59,097 | 5% |
| Virginia | Korea | 53,758 | 5% |
| Virginia | Philippines | 52,511 | 5% |
| Washington | Mexico | 242,407 | 21% |
| Washington | India | 95,173 | 8% |
| Washington | China | 81,169 | 7% |
| Washington | Philippines | 71,181 | 6% |
| Washington | Vietnam | 61,485 | 5% |
| West Virginia | India | 2,200 | 8% |
| West Virginia | China | 1,989 | 7% |
| West Virginia | Mexico | 1,564 | 5% |
| West Virginia | Germany | 1,548 | 5% |
| West Virginia | Philippines | 1,541 | 5% |
| Wisconsin | Mexico | 83,507 | 29% |
| Wisconsin | India | 24,549 | 8% |
| Wisconsin | China | 15,404 | 5% |
| Wisconsin | Laos | 13,092 | 5% |
| Wisconsin | Thailand | 10,305 | 4% |
| Wyoming | Mexico | 7,687 | 40% |
| Wyoming | Canada | 1,169 | 6% |
| Wyoming | China | 1,008 | 5% |
| Wyoming | Philippines | 860 | 5% |
| Wyoming | Germany | 684 | 4% |
| United States | Mexico | 10,909,103 | 24% |
| United States | India | 2,684,562 | 6% |
| United States | China | 2,209,012 | 5% |
| United States | Philippines | 1,986,334 | 4% |
| United States | El Salvador | 1,404,194 | 3% |
| United States | Vietnam | 1,343,997 | 3% |
| United States | Cuba | 1,309,539 | 3% |
| United States | Dominican Republic | 1,206,234 | 3% |
| United States | Korea | 1,038,799 | 2% |
| United States | Guatemala | 1,021,920 | 2% |
| State | Birthplace | Count | Share of immigrants |
English Proficiency
Fluency in English is an important factor in economic and social integration in the United States. People who speak “only English” at home often come from countries that speak English or have a partner who speaks English. People who speak “very well” or “well” have the advantage of being fluent in two or more languages. Those who speak “not well” are often learning the language, and “not at all” includes new arrivals and people who have been in the United States but have not learned English. Nationally , most immigrants have high levels of English proficiency, including 37 percent who report speaking English “very well” and 17 percent who say they only speak English. Another 21 percent report speaking English “well,” adding up to 75 percent of the immigrant population who are proficient in English. Seventeen percent of immigrants say they have limited English proficiency, and 8 percent say they do not speak English at all.
| State | English Ability | Count | Share of Immigrants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Speaks Only English | 36,327 | 21% |
| Alabama | Speaks English Very Well | 58,984 | 34% |
| Alabama | Speaks English Well | 35,418 | 21% |
| Alabama | Speaks English, but Not Well | 30,739 | 18% |
| Alabama | Does Not Speak English | 9,835 | 6% |
| Alaska | Speaks Only English | 14,607 | 24% |
| Alaska | Speaks English Very Well | 23,221 | 38% |
| Alaska | Speaks English Well | 14,384 | 24% |
| Alaska | Speaks English, but Not Well | 7,050 | 12% |
| Alaska | Does Not Speak English | 1,517 | 2% |
| Arizona | Speaks Only English | 159,818 | 17% |
| Arizona | Speaks English Very Well | 346,850 | 38% |
| Arizona | Speaks English Well | 173,083 | 19% |
| Arizona | Speaks English, but Not Well | 153,951 | 17% |
| Arizona | Does Not Speak English | 89,567 | 10% |
| Arkansas | Speaks Only English | 29,284 | 20% |
| Arkansas | Speaks English Very Well | 45,797 | 31% |
| Arkansas | Speaks English Well | 33,191 | 22% |
| Arkansas | Speaks English, but Not Well | 28,899 | 19% |
| Arkansas | Does Not Speak English | 12,977 | 9% |
| California | Speaks Only English | 1,203,517 | 11% |
| California | Speaks English Very Well | 3,795,616 | 36% |
| California | Speaks English Well | 2,332,116 | 22% |
| California | Speaks English, but Not Well | 2,118,573 | 20% |
| California | Does Not Speak English | 1,019,074 | 10% |
| Colorado | Speaks Only English | 106,187 | 20% |
| Colorado | Speaks English Very Well | 203,334 | 37% |
| Colorado | Speaks English Well | 113,117 | 21% |
| Colorado | Speaks English, but Not Well | 87,491 | 16% |
| Colorado | Does Not Speak English | 32,347 | 6% |
| Connecticut | Speaks Only English | 136,950 | 26% |
| Connecticut | Speaks English Very Well | 191,574 | 36% |
| Connecticut | Speaks English Well | 107,258 | 20% |
| Connecticut | Speaks English, but Not Well | 72,372 | 14% |
| Connecticut | Does Not Speak English | 24,829 | 5% |
| Delaware | Speaks Only English | 20,308 | 22% |
| Delaware | Speaks English Very Well | 38,959 | 42% |
| Delaware | Speaks English Well | 19,554 | 21% |
| Delaware | Speaks English, but Not Well | 12,015 | 13% |
| Delaware | Does Not Speak English | 2,669 | 3% |
| District of Columbia | Speaks Only English | 27,216 | 29% |
| District of Columbia | Speaks English Very Well | 36,701 | 40% |
| District of Columbia | Speaks English Well | 16,005 | 17% |
| District of Columbia | Speaks English, but Not Well | 10,143 | 11% |
| District of Columbia | Does Not Speak English | 2,631 | 3% |
| Florida | Speaks Only English | 838,864 | 19% |
| Florida | Speaks English Very Well | 1,618,071 | 36% |
| Florida | Speaks English Well | 871,414 | 20% |
| Florida | Speaks English, but Not Well | 727,596 | 16% |
| Florida | Does Not Speak English | 393,154 | 9% |
| Georgia | Speaks Only English | 227,624 | 21% |
| Georgia | Speaks English Very Well | 410,865 | 38% |
| Georgia | Speaks English Well | 204,295 | 19% |
| Georgia | Speaks English, but Not Well | 167,820 | 15% |
| Georgia | Does Not Speak English | 72,429 | 7% |
| Hawaii | Speaks Only English | 44,468 | 17% |
| Hawaii | Speaks English Very Well | 89,234 | 34% |
| Hawaii | Speaks English Well | 76,843 | 29% |
| Hawaii | Speaks English, but Not Well | 46,555 | 18% |
| Hawaii | Does Not Speak English | 7,392 | 3% |
| Idaho | Speaks Only English | 21,701 | 21% |
| Idaho | Speaks English Very Well | 33,949 | 33% |
| Idaho | Speaks English Well | 20,330 | 20% |
| Idaho | Speaks English, but Not Well | 17,373 | 17% |
| Idaho | Does Not Speak English | 9,460 | 9% |
| Illinois | Speaks Only English | 227,268 | 13% |
| Illinois | Speaks English Very Well | 727,825 | 40% |
| Illinois | Speaks English Well | 427,177 | 24% |
| Illinois | Speaks English, but Not Well | 309,365 | 17% |
| Illinois | Does Not Speak English | 108,799 | 6% |
| Indiana | Speaks Only English | 76,260 | 21% |
| Indiana | Speaks English Very Well | 140,000 | 38% |
| Indiana | Speaks English Well | 80,891 | 22% |
| Indiana | Speaks English, but Not Well | 55,547 | 15% |
| Indiana | Does Not Speak English | 13,256 | 4% |
| Iowa | Speaks Only English | 29,160 | 17% |
| Iowa | Speaks English Very Well | 58,738 | 34% |
| Iowa | Speaks English Well | 41,109 | 24% |
| Iowa | Speaks English, but Not Well | 31,363 | 18% |
| Iowa | Does Not Speak English | 10,347 | 6% |
| Kansas | Speaks Only English | 29,218 | 14% |
| Kansas | Speaks English Very Well | 72,872 | 35% |
| Kansas | Speaks English Well | 50,322 | 24% |
| Kansas | Speaks English, but Not Well | 39,688 | 19% |
| Kansas | Does Not Speak English | 14,928 | 7% |
| Kentucky | Speaks Only English | 32,987 | 18% |
| Kentucky | Speaks English Very Well | 65,156 | 36% |
| Kentucky | Speaks English Well | 40,729 | 23% |
| Kentucky | Speaks English, but Not Well | 30,418 | 17% |
| Kentucky | Does Not Speak English | 9,391 | 5% |
| Louisiana | Speaks Only English | 33,444 | 18% |
| Louisiana | Speaks English Very Well | 66,466 | 35% |
| Louisiana | Speaks English Well | 40,046 | 21% |
| Louisiana | Speaks English, but Not Well | 33,579 | 18% |
| Louisiana | Does Not Speak English | 17,420 | 9% |
| Maine | Speaks Only English | 20,735 | 42% |
| Maine | Speaks English Very Well | 17,172 | 35% |
| Maine | Speaks English Well | 7,121 | 15% |
| Maine | Speaks English, but Not Well | 3,209 | 7% |
| Maine | Does Not Speak English | 632 | 1% |
| Maryland | Speaks Only English | 186,792 | 20% |
| Maryland | Speaks English Very Well | 397,988 | 43% |
| Maryland | Speaks English Well | 184,732 | 20% |
| Maryland | Speaks English, but Not Well | 123,815 | 13% |
| Maryland | Does Not Speak English | 42,320 | 5% |
| Massachusetts | Speaks Only English | 221,968 | 19% |
| Massachusetts | Speaks English Very Well | 468,603 | 39% |
| Massachusetts | Speaks English Well | 246,452 | 21% |
| Massachusetts | Speaks English, but Not Well | 175,078 | 15% |
| Massachusetts | Does Not Speak English | 87,422 | 7% |
| Michigan | Speaks Only English | 142,203 | 20% |
| Michigan | Speaks English Very Well | 292,959 | 42% |
| Michigan | Speaks English Well | 146,474 | 21% |
| Michigan | Speaks English, but Not Well | 85,797 | 12% |
| Michigan | Does Not Speak English | 29,464 | 4% |
| Minnesota | Speaks Only English | 99,751 | 21% |
| Minnesota | Speaks English Very Well | 186,356 | 39% |
| Minnesota | Speaks English Well | 102,289 | 21% |
| Minnesota | Speaks English, but Not Well | 66,619 | 14% |
| Minnesota | Does Not Speak English | 22,979 | 5% |
| Mississippi | Speaks Only English | 13,246 | 20% |
| Mississippi | Speaks English Very Well | 23,665 | 35% |
| Mississippi | Speaks English Well | 14,597 | 22% |
| Mississippi | Speaks English, but Not Well | 9,863 | 15% |
| Mississippi | Does Not Speak English | 5,350 | 8% |
| Missouri | Speaks Only English | 56,719 | 22% |
| Missouri | Speaks English Very Well | 104,929 | 41% |
| Missouri | Speaks English Well | 51,349 | 20% |
| Missouri | Speaks English, but Not Well | 31,556 | 12% |
| Missouri | Does Not Speak English | 9,214 | 4% |
| Montana | Speaks Only English | 11,085 | 46% |
| Montana | Speaks English Very Well | 7,881 | 33% |
| Montana | Speaks English Well | 3,309 | 14% |
| Montana | Speaks English, but Not Well | 1,287 | 5% |
| Montana | Does Not Speak English | 360 | 2% |
| Nebraska | Speaks Only English | 19,733 | 13% |
| Nebraska | Speaks English Very Well | 50,308 | 34% |
| Nebraska | Speaks English Well | 35,749 | 24% |
| Nebraska | Speaks English, but Not Well | 29,522 | 20% |
| Nebraska | Does Not Speak English | 11,843 | 8% |
| Nevada | Speaks Only English | 83,944 | 14% |
| Nevada | Speaks English Very Well | 228,023 | 39% |
| Nevada | Speaks English Well | 132,162 | 22% |
| Nevada | Speaks English, but Not Well | 105,581 | 18% |
| Nevada | Does Not Speak English | 39,155 | 7% |
| New Hampshire | Speaks Only English | 26,461 | 31% |
| New Hampshire | Speaks English Very Well | 33,187 | 39% |
| New Hampshire | Speaks English Well | 14,473 | 17% |
| New Hampshire | Speaks English, but Not Well | 7,329 | 9% |
| New Hampshire | Does Not Speak English | 2,697 | 3% |
| New Jersey | Speaks Only English | 349,953 | 17% |
| New Jersey | Speaks English Very Well | 859,205 | 41% |
| New Jersey | Speaks English Well | 434,317 | 21% |
| New Jersey | Speaks English, but Not Well | 323,469 | 15% |
| New Jersey | Does Not Speak English | 141,381 | 7% |
| New Mexico | Speaks Only English | 23,550 | 12% |
| New Mexico | Speaks English Very Well | 73,558 | 38% |
| New Mexico | Speaks English Well | 36,643 | 19% |
| New Mexico | Speaks English, but Not Well | 33,497 | 17% |
| New Mexico | Does Not Speak English | 25,917 | 13% |
| New York | Speaks Only English | 1,109,920 | 25% |
| New York | Speaks English Very Well | 1,371,212 | 30% |
| New York | Speaks English Well | 916,465 | 20% |
| New York | Speaks English, but Not Well | 788,126 | 17% |
| New York | Does Not Speak English | 327,924 | 7% |
| North Carolina | Speaks Only English | 158,746 | 19% |
| North Carolina | Speaks English Very Well | 312,611 | 38% |
| North Carolina | Speaks English Well | 161,115 | 19% |
| North Carolina | Speaks English, but Not Well | 136,036 | 16% |
| North Carolina | Does Not Speak English | 63,877 | 8% |
| North Dakota | Speaks Only English | 10,229 | 30% |
| North Dakota | Speaks English Very Well | 14,673 | 43% |
| North Dakota | Speaks English Well | 6,175 | 18% |
| North Dakota | Speaks English, but Not Well | 3,075 | 9% |
| North Dakota | Does Not Speak English | 206 | 1% |
| Ohio | Speaks Only English | 122,232 | 22% |
| Ohio | Speaks English Very Well | 236,894 | 42% |
| Ohio | Speaks English Well | 111,828 | 20% |
| Ohio | Speaks English, but Not Well | 63,329 | 11% |
| Ohio | Does Not Speak English | 24,292 | 4% |
| Oklahoma | Speaks Only English | 41,150 | 18% |
| Oklahoma | Speaks English Very Well | 81,184 | 35% |
| Oklahoma | Speaks English Well | 50,613 | 22% |
| Oklahoma | Speaks English, but Not Well | 44,022 | 19% |
| Oklahoma | Does Not Speak English | 16,363 | 7% |
| Oregon | Speaks Only English | 83,977 | 20% |
| Oregon | Speaks English Very Well | 153,462 | 37% |
| Oregon | Speaks English Well | 81,363 | 20% |
| Oregon | Speaks English, but Not Well | 68,513 | 17% |
| Oregon | Does Not Speak English | 26,576 | 6% |
| Pennsylvania | Speaks Only English | 202,403 | 22% |
| Pennsylvania | Speaks English Very Well | 341,572 | 37% |
| Pennsylvania | Speaks English Well | 192,502 | 21% |
| Pennsylvania | Speaks English, but Not Well | 128,764 | 14% |
| Pennsylvania | Does Not Speak English | 56,745 | 6% |
| Rhode Island | Speaks Only English | 27,165 | 18% |
| Rhode Island | Speaks English Very Well | 61,242 | 40% |
| Rhode Island | Speaks English Well | 31,385 | 20% |
| Rhode Island | Speaks English, but Not Well | 22,867 | 15% |
| Rhode Island | Does Not Speak English | 12,203 | 8% |
| South Carolina | Speaks Only English | 62,907 | 24% |
| South Carolina | Speaks English Very Well | 95,629 | 36% |
| South Carolina | Speaks English Well | 50,513 | 19% |
| South Carolina | Speaks English, but Not Well | 41,287 | 16% |
| South Carolina | Does Not Speak English | 13,109 | 5% |
| South Dakota | Speaks Only English | 8,330 | 26% |
| South Dakota | Speaks English Very Well | 13,598 | 42% |
| South Dakota | Speaks English Well | 6,192 | 19% |
| South Dakota | Speaks English, but Not Well | 3,441 | 11% |
| South Dakota | Does Not Speak English | 876 | 3% |
| Tennessee | Speaks Only English | 76,895 | 21% |
| Tennessee | Speaks English Very Well | 122,647 | 34% |
| Tennessee | Speaks English Well | 73,604 | 20% |
| Tennessee | Speaks English, but Not Well | 68,259 | 19% |
| Tennessee | Does Not Speak English | 21,511 | 6% |
| Texas | Speaks Only English | 543,933 | 11% |
| Texas | Speaks English Very Well | 1,732,748 | 35% |
| Texas | Speaks English Well | 1,012,061 | 21% |
| Texas | Speaks English, but Not Well | 992,191 | 20% |
| Texas | Does Not Speak English | 624,411 | 13% |
| Utah | Speaks Only English | 45,309 | 17% |
| Utah | Speaks English Very Well | 111,483 | 41% |
| Utah | Speaks English Well | 54,134 | 20% |
| Utah | Speaks English, but Not Well | 44,910 | 17% |
| Utah | Does Not Speak English | 13,249 | 5% |
| Vermont | Speaks Only English | 11,066 | 37% |
| Vermont | Speaks English Very Well | 12,606 | 43% |
| Vermont | Speaks English Well | 3,564 | 12% |
| Vermont | Speaks English, but Not Well | 1,829 | 6% |
| Vermont | Does Not Speak English | 558 | 2% |
| Virginia | Speaks Only English | 183,632 | 17% |
| Virginia | Speaks English Very Well | 479,420 | 45% |
| Virginia | Speaks English Well | 221,451 | 21% |
| Virginia | Speaks English, but Not Well | 137,855 | 13% |
| Virginia | Does Not Speak English | 44,306 | 4% |
| Washington | Speaks Only English | 203,979 | 18% |
| Washington | Speaks English Very Well | 445,936 | 40% |
| Washington | Speaks English Well | 238,368 | 21% |
| Washington | Speaks English, but Not Well | 168,401 | 15% |
| Washington | Does Not Speak English | 62,070 | 6% |
| West Virginia | Speaks Only English | 9,488 | 34% |
| West Virginia | Speaks English Very Well | 12,164 | 43% |
| West Virginia | Speaks English Well | 4,341 | 15% |
| West Virginia | Speaks English, but Not Well | 1,797 | 6% |
| West Virginia | Does Not Speak English | 462 | 2% |
| Wisconsin | Speaks Only English | 66,174 | 23% |
| Wisconsin | Speaks English Very Well | 110,997 | 39% |
| Wisconsin | Speaks English Well | 55,779 | 19% |
| Wisconsin | Speaks English, but Not Well | 40,863 | 14% |
| Wisconsin | Does Not Speak English | 14,218 | 5% |
| Wyoming | Speaks Only English | 5,626 | 30% |
| Wyoming | Speaks English Very Well | 6,632 | 35% |
| Wyoming | Speaks English Well | 4,561 | 24% |
| Wyoming | Speaks English, but Not Well | 1,779 | 9% |
| Wyoming | Does Not Speak English | 395 | 2% |
| United States | Speaks Only English | 7,524,509 | 17% |
| United States | Speaks English Very Well | 16,484,756 | 37% |
| United States | Speaks English Well | 9,382,963 | 21% |
| United States | Speaks English, but Not Well | 7,734,503 | 17% |
| United States | Does Not Speak English | 3,594,107 | 8% |
| State | English Ability |
Earning Ranges
Nationally, most immigrants are in middle- or upper-wage jobs. And, immigrants are disproportionately concentrated in low-wage jobs . Both things are true at the same time, according to research by Immigration Research Initiative. For this analysis we sorted full-time workers into three groups: “low wage,” “middle wage,” or upper wage.” Low wage is defined as earning less than two thirds of the national median, middle wage is two thirds to double the median, and upper wage is more than double the median. That means that people in low-wage jobs earn less than $35,000 for full-time, year-round work. Middle-wage earners bring in $35,000 to $104,000, and upper-wage earn over $104,000.
Immigrant Earning Wages
| State | Earning Range | Count | Share of Immigrants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Low Wage | 32,692 | 44% |
| Alabama | Middle Wage | 32,964 | 44% |
| Alabama | Upper Wage | 9,282 | 12% |
| Alaska | Low Wage | 9,296 | 34% |
| Alaska | Middle Wage | 15,409 | 56% |
| Alaska | Upper Wage | 2,911 | 11% |
| Arizona | Low Wage | 162,330 | 40% |
| Arizona | Middle Wage | 192,955 | 48% |
| Arizona | Upper Wage | 48,722 | 12% |
| Arkansas | Low Wage | 39,703 | 50% |
| Arkansas | Middle Wage | 34,369 | 43% |
| Arkansas | Upper Wage | 6,004 | 7% |
| California | Low Wage | 1,462,199 | 32% |
| California | Middle Wage | 2,118,599 | 47% |
| California | Upper Wage | 932,686 | 21% |
| Colorado | Low Wage | 82,861 | 32% |
| Colorado | Middle Wage | 140,242 | 54% |
| Colorado | Upper Wage | 36,777 | 14% |
| Connecticut | Low Wage | 59,843 | 26% |
| Connecticut | Middle Wage | 123,352 | 53% |
| Connecticut | Upper Wage | 50,400 | 22% |
| Delaware | Low Wage | 14,329 | 31% |
| Delaware | Middle Wage | 22,858 | 50% |
| Delaware | Upper Wage | 8,781 | 19% |
| District of Columbia | Low Wage | 6,645 | 15% |
| District of Columbia | Middle Wage | 21,483 | 47% |
| District of Columbia | Upper Wage | 17,328 | 38% |
| Florida | Low Wage | 873,050 | 45% |
| Florida | Middle Wage | 889,204 | 45% |
| Florida | Upper Wage | 198,380 | 10% |
| Georgia | Low Wage | 209,204 | 39% |
| Georgia | Middle Wage | 245,003 | 45% |
| Georgia | Upper Wage | 86,057 | 16% |
| Hawaii | Low Wage | 37,716 | 34% |
| Hawaii | Middle Wage | 62,762 | 56% |
| Hawaii | Upper Wage | 12,004 | 11% |
| Idaho | Low Wage | 21,689 | 45% |
| Idaho | Middle Wage | 22,952 | 48% |
| Idaho | Upper Wage | 3,361 | 7% |
| Illinois | Low Wage | 280,281 | 33% |
| Illinois | Middle Wage | 433,124 | 51% |
| Illinois | Upper Wage | 140,290 | 16% |
| Indiana | Low Wage | 63,098 | 38% |
| Indiana | Middle Wage | 81,256 | 49% |
| Indiana | Upper Wage | 21,873 | 13% |
| Iowa | Low Wage | 30,224 | 37% |
| Iowa | Middle Wage | 42,220 | 52% |
| Iowa | Upper Wage | 8,494 | 10% |
| Kansas | Low Wage | 37,341 | 38% |
| Kansas | Middle Wage | 51,347 | 52% |
| Kansas | Upper Wage | 10,071 | 10% |
| Kentucky | Low Wage | 31,683 | 41% |
| Kentucky | Middle Wage | 36,121 | 46% |
| Kentucky | Upper Wage | 9,989 | 13% |
| Louisiana | Low Wage | 33,473 | 43% |
| Louisiana | Middle Wage | 36,496 | 47% |
| Louisiana | Upper Wage | 7,696 | 10% |
| Maine | Low Wage | 5,627 | 31% |
| Maine | Middle Wage | 9,571 | 53% |
| Maine | Upper Wage | 2,917 | 16% |
| Maryland | Low Wage | 118,272 | 26% |
| Maryland | Middle Wage | 241,241 | 52% |
| Maryland | Upper Wage | 102,839 | 22% |
| Massachusetts | Low Wage | 123,882 | 23% |
| Massachusetts | Middle Wage | 276,207 | 52% |
| Massachusetts | Upper Wage | 130,954 | 25% |
| Michigan | Low Wage | 80,433 | 29% |
| Michigan | Middle Wage | 136,255 | 49% |
| Michigan | Upper Wage | 63,434 | 23% |
| Minnesota | Low Wage | 64,781 | 30% |
| Minnesota | Middle Wage | 119,230 | 55% |
| Minnesota | Upper Wage | 32,995 | 15% |
| Mississippi | Low Wage | 13,122 | 46% |
| Mississippi | Middle Wage | 12,768 | 45% |
| Mississippi | Upper Wage | 2,670 | 9% |
| Missouri | Low Wage | 40,867 | 35% |
| Missouri | Middle Wage | 57,520 | 49% |
| Missouri | Upper Wage | 18,427 | 16% |
| Montana | Low Wage | 3,385 | 42% |
| Montana | Middle Wage | 3,802 | 47% |
| Montana | Upper Wage | 910 | 11% |
| Nebraska | Low Wage | 27,699 | 40% |
| Nebraska | Middle Wage | 36,500 | 52% |
| Nebraska | Upper Wage | 5,376 | 8% |
| Nevada | Low Wage | 112,247 | 41% |
| Nevada | Middle Wage | 139,634 | 51% |
| Nevada | Upper Wage | 22,061 | 8% |
| New Hampshire | Low Wage | 8,917 | 24% |
| New Hampshire | Middle Wage | 19,250 | 52% |
| New Hampshire | Upper Wage | 9,139 | 24% |
| New Jersey | Low Wage | 288,156 | 29% |
| New Jersey | Middle Wage | 477,686 | 47% |
| New Jersey | Upper Wage | 244,963 | 24% |
| New Mexico | Low Wage | 34,498 | 45% |
| New Mexico | Middle Wage | 36,195 | 47% |
| New Mexico | Upper Wage | 6,610 | 9% |
| New York | Low Wage | 572,716 | 30% |
| New York | Middle Wage | 988,426 | 52% |
| New York | Upper Wage | 351,635 | 18% |
| North Carolina | Low Wage | 167,863 | 42% |
| North Carolina | Middle Wage | 169,784 | 42% |
| North Carolina | Upper Wage | 61,929 | 15% |
| North Dakota | Low Wage | 5,614 | 37% |
| North Dakota | Middle Wage | 8,313 | 55% |
| North Dakota | Upper Wage | 1,207 | 8% |
| Ohio | Low Wage | 71,535 | 30% |
| Ohio | Middle Wage | 121,328 | 51% |
| Ohio | Upper Wage | 46,251 | 19% |
| Oklahoma | Low Wage | 52,607 | 47% |
| Oklahoma | Middle Wage | 49,648 | 44% |
| Oklahoma | Upper Wage | 9,522 | 9% |
| Oregon | Low Wage | 65,446 | 35% |
| Oregon | Middle Wage | 90,136 | 48% |
| Oregon | Upper Wage | 31,801 | 17% |
| Pennsylvania | Low Wage | 134,433 | 33% |
| Pennsylvania | Middle Wage | 201,679 | 49% |
| Pennsylvania | Upper Wage | 75,798 | 18% |
| Rhode Island | Low Wage | 23,071 | 34% |
| Rhode Island | Middle Wage | 36,963 | 54% |
| Rhode Island | Upper Wage | 8,396 | 12% |
| South Carolina | Low Wage | 50,569 | 42% |
| South Carolina | Middle Wage | 54,973 | 45% |
| South Carolina | Upper Wage | 15,321 | 13% |
| South Dakota | Low Wage | 5,834 | 37% |
| South Dakota | Middle Wage | 9,196 | 59% |
| South Dakota | Upper Wage | 666 | 4% |
| Tennessee | Low Wage | 73,502 | 44% |
| Tennessee | Middle Wage | 73,792 | 44% |
| Tennessee | Upper Wage | 21,498 | 13% |
| Texas | Low Wage | 961,633 | 42% |
| Texas | Middle Wage | 1,015,249 | 45% |
| Texas | Upper Wage | 303,895 | 13% |
| Utah | Low Wage | 51,501 | 39% |
| Utah | Middle Wage | 69,079 | 53% |
| Utah | Upper Wage | 10,421 | 8% |
| Vermont | Low Wage | 2,840 | 24% |
| Vermont | Middle Wage | 6,894 | 58% |
| Vermont | Upper Wage | 2,228 | 19% |
| Virginia | Low Wage | 148,807 | 28% |
| Virginia | Middle Wage | 252,613 | 48% |
| Virginia | Upper Wage | 123,379 | 24% |
| Washington | Low Wage | 124,886 | 25% |
| Washington | Middle Wage | 241,357 | 48% |
| Washington | Upper Wage | 139,670 | 28% |
| West Virginia | Low Wage | 3,794 | 32% |
| West Virginia | Middle Wage | 5,682 | 48% |
| West Virginia | Upper Wage | 2,274 | 19% |
| Wisconsin | Low Wage | 44,859 | 34% |
| Wisconsin | Middle Wage | 71,164 | 54% |
| Wisconsin | Upper Wage | 16,934 | 13% |
| Wyoming | Low Wage | 2,771 | 35% |
| Wyoming | Middle Wage | 4,492 | 57% |
| Wyoming | Upper Wage | 648 | 8% |
| United States | Low Wage | 6,973,824 | 35% |
| United States | Middle Wage | 9,639,343 | 48% |
| United States | Upper Wage | 3,477,874 | 17% |
| State | Earning Range | Count | Share of Immigrants |
U.S.-Born Earning Wages
| State | Earning Range | Count | Share of U.S.-Born |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Low Wage | 540,047 | 35% |
| Alabama | Middle Wage | 825,526 | 54% |
| Alabama | Upper Wage | 172,602 | 11% |
| Alaska | Low Wage | 44,164 | 20% |
| Alaska | Middle Wage | 130,694 | 61% |
| Alaska | Upper Wage | 40,878 | 19% |
| Arizona | Low Wage | 530,558 | 28% |
| Arizona | Middle Wage | 1,107,450 | 58% |
| Arizona | Upper Wage | 279,651 | 15% |
| Arkansas | Low Wage | 337,992 | 37% |
| Arkansas | Middle Wage | 482,864 | 53% |
| Arkansas | Upper Wage | 83,950 | 9% |
| California | Low Wage | 1,940,413 | 23% |
| California | Middle Wage | 4,561,484 | 53% |
| California | Upper Wage | 2,078,773 | 24% |
| Colorado | Low Wage | 398,495 | 21% |
| Colorado | Middle Wage | 1,115,205 | 59% |
| Colorado | Upper Wage | 370,718 | 20% |
| Connecticut | Low Wage | 172,821 | 17% |
| Connecticut | Middle Wage | 606,513 | 59% |
| Connecticut | Upper Wage | 250,191 | 24% |
| Delaware | Low Wage | 73,398 | 25% |
| Delaware | Middle Wage | 171,048 | 59% |
| Delaware | Upper Wage | 44,496 | 15% |
| District of Columbia | Low Wage | 25,871 | 10% |
| District of Columbia | Middle Wage | 125,625 | 50% |
| District of Columbia | Upper Wage | 97,651 | 39% |
| Florida | Low Wage | 1,669,794 | 32% |
| Florida | Middle Wage | 2,842,583 | 55% |
| Florida | Upper Wage | 690,964 | 13% |
| Georgia | Low Wage | 975,433 | 31% |
| Georgia | Middle Wage | 1,749,801 | 55% |
| Georgia | Upper Wage | 463,102 | 15% |
| Hawaii | Low Wage | 98,037 | 24% |
| Hawaii | Middle Wage | 253,899 | 61% |
| Hawaii | Upper Wage | 62,783 | 15% |
| Idaho | Low Wage | 168,366 | 32% |
| Idaho | Middle Wage | 290,066 | 56% |
| Idaho | Upper Wage | 63,904 | 12% |
| Illinois | Low Wage | 865,886 | 24% |
| Illinois | Middle Wage | 2,112,542 | 58% |
| Illinois | Upper Wage | 682,480 | 19% |
| Indiana | Low Wage | 615,871 | 29% |
| Indiana | Middle Wage | 1,283,071 | 60% |
| Indiana | Upper Wage | 243,190 | 11% |
| Iowa | Low Wage | 281,922 | 26% |
| Iowa | Middle Wage | 675,009 | 63% |
| Iowa | Upper Wage | 118,136 | 11% |
| Kansas | Low Wage | 277,376 | 29% |
| Kansas | Middle Wage | 562,959 | 59% |
| Kansas | Upper Wage | 117,749 | 12% |
| Kentucky | Low Wage | 452,908 | 33% |
| Kentucky | Middle Wage | 770,724 | 57% |
| Kentucky | Upper Wage | 136,543 | 10% |
| Louisiana | Low Wage | 490,089 | 35% |
| Louisiana | Middle Wage | 743,988 | 53% |
| Louisiana | Upper Wage | 176,908 | 13% |
| Maine | Low Wage | 119,058 | 27% |
| Maine | Middle Wage | 278,397 | 63% |
| Maine | Upper Wage | 47,100 | 11% |
| Maryland | Low Wage | 341,187 | 18% |
| Maryland | Middle Wage | 1,068,158 | 57% |
| Maryland | Upper Wage | 472,197 | 25% |
| Massachusetts | Low Wage | 285,699 | 14% |
| Massachusetts | Middle Wage | 1,171,914 | 59% |
| Massachusetts | Upper Wage | 527,747 | 27% |
| Michigan | Low Wage | 811,668 | 28% |
| Michigan | Middle Wage | 1,691,216 | 58% |
| Michigan | Upper Wage | 400,229 | 14% |
| Minnesota | Low Wage | 347,790 | 19% |
| Minnesota | Middle Wage | 1,164,434 | 63% |
| Minnesota | Upper Wage | 322,394 | 18% |
| Mississippi | Low Wage | 357,985 | 40% |
| Mississippi | Middle Wage | 474,299 | 53% |
| Mississippi | Upper Wage | 70,430 | 8% |
| Missouri | Low Wage | 628,967 | 31% |
| Missouri | Middle Wage | 1,158,039 | 57% |
| Missouri | Upper Wage | 239,412 | 12% |
| Montana | Low Wage | 111,630 | 33% |
| Montana | Middle Wage | 192,444 | 56% |
| Montana | Upper Wage | 37,023 | 11% |
| Nebraska | Low Wage | 181,573 | 27% |
| Nebraska | Middle Wage | 412,077 | 62% |
| Nebraska | Upper Wage | 75,239 | 11% |
| Nevada | Low Wage | 214,551 | 28% |
| Nevada | Middle Wage | 443,806 | 58% |
| Nevada | Upper Wage | 104,302 | 14% |
| New Hampshire | Low Wage | 95,507 | 20% |
| New Hampshire | Middle Wage | 296,244 | 62% |
| New Hampshire | Upper Wage | 87,709 | 18% |
| New Jersey | Low Wage | 412,774 | 18% |
| New Jersey | Middle Wage | 1,274,420 | 55% |
| New Jersey | Upper Wage | 618,219 | 27% |
| New Mexico | Low Wage | 195,693 | 35% |
| New Mexico | Middle Wage | 300,524 | 54% |
| New Mexico | Upper Wage | 64,461 | 11% |
| New York | Low Wage | 968,046 | 20% |
| New York | Middle Wage | 2,842,786 | 58% |
| New York | Upper Wage | 1,125,480 | 23% |
| North Carolina | Low Wage | 994,770 | 31% |
| North Carolina | Middle Wage | 1,769,911 | 56% |
| North Carolina | Upper Wage | 414,012 | 13% |
| North Dakota | Low Wage | 68,933 | 25% |
| North Dakota | Middle Wage | 174,974 | 63% |
| North Dakota | Upper Wage | 32,860 | 12% |
| Ohio | Low Wage | 1,039,399 | 28% |
| Ohio | Middle Wage | 2,267,644 | 60% |
| Ohio | Upper Wage | 457,871 | 12% |
| Oklahoma | Low Wage | 413,334 | 34% |
| Oklahoma | Middle Wage | 676,325 | 56% |
| Oklahoma | Upper Wage | 128,293 | 11% |
| Oregon | Low Wage | 285,362 | 24% |
| Oregon | Middle Wage | 702,683 | 59% |
| Oregon | Upper Wage | 193,020 | 16% |
| Pennsylvania | Low Wage | 1,008,923 | 25% |
| Pennsylvania | Middle Wage | 2,456,767 | 60% |
| Pennsylvania | Upper Wage | 615,091 | 15% |
| Rhode Island | Low Wage | 60,677 | 19% |
| Rhode Island | Middle Wage | 204,756 | 64% |
| Rhode Island | Upper Wage | 53,463 | 17% |
| South Carolina | Low Wage | 538,910 | 34% |
| South Carolina | Middle Wage | 869,385 | 55% |
| South Carolina | Upper Wage | 175,089 | 11% |
| South Dakota | Low Wage | 94,096 | 30% |
| South Dakota | Middle Wage | 186,543 | 60% |
| South Dakota | Upper Wage | 28,429 | 9% |
| Tennessee | Low Wage | 721,608 | 33% |
| Tennessee | Middle Wage | 1,216,430 | 56% |
| Tennessee | Upper Wage | 249,811 | 11% |
| Texas | Low Wage | 2,312,351 | 29% |
| Texas | Middle Wage | 4,373,948 | 55% |
| Texas | Upper Wage | 1,268,688 | 16% |
| Utah | Low Wage | 237,454 | 25% |
| Utah | Middle Wage | 551,545 | 59% |
| Utah | Upper Wage | 147,454 | 16% |
| Vermont | Low Wage | 52,029 | 25% |
| Vermont | Middle Wage | 133,181 | 64% |
| Vermont | Upper Wage | 23,808 | 11% |
| Virginia | Low Wage | 641,449 | 24% |
| Virginia | Middle Wage | 1,471,729 | 55% |
| Virginia | Upper Wage | 583,094 | 22% |
| Washington | Low Wage | 406,962 | 19% |
| Washington | Middle Wage | 1,240,046 | 59% |
| Washington | Upper Wage | 466,508 | 22% |
| West Virginia | Low Wage | 189,687 | 36% |
| West Virginia | Middle Wage | 281,563 | 54% |
| West Virginia | Upper Wage | 51,001 | 10% |
| Wisconsin | Low Wage | 479,844 | 24% |
| Wisconsin | Middle Wage | 1,281,697 | 64% |
| Wisconsin | Upper Wage | 233,862 | 12% |
| Wyoming | Low Wage | 56,015 | 29% |
| Wyoming | Middle Wage | 114,259 | 59% |
| Wyoming | Upper Wage | 22,936 | 12% |
| United States | Low Wage | 24,633,372 | 26% |
| United States | Middle Wage | 53,153,195 | 57% |
| United States | Upper Wage | 15,511,901 | 17% |
| State | Earning Range | Count | Share of U.S.-Born |